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For much of human history, infectious diseases were the main causes of morbidity and mortality. The sciences of public health, epidemiology, microbiology, and vaccine and drug development have dramatically reduced the risks associated with these diseases such that life expectancies in high income countries have increased by close to 40 years over the last century, principally due to a reduction in child deaths from infectious diseases. Today, chronic diseases are the main cause of mortality and are expected to increase over time.

Somatic mutations that increase the fitness of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) drive their expansion in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and predispose individuals to blood cancers. Population variation in the growth rate and potential of mutant clones suggests ...

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Using genomic barcodes to trace bacterial lineages within a host reveals previously unobservable dynamics of infection, including the impact of infection bottlenecks, routes of bacterial dissemination, and patterns of within-host evolution. Barcoding ...

The future of global fisheries—which provide 1 in 10 jobs and primary protein for 3.2 billion people—is at risk (1–3). Each year, US$22 billion in harmful subsidies incentivize overfishing that depletes fish stocks—a third of which are now exploited beyond sustainable amounts—undermining marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of coastal communities (4–6). After nearly 25 years of negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (known as Fish 1) entered into force in September 2025 (7). It is the first binding, multilateral treaty on ocean sustainability that prohibits subsidies to vessels that engage in illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; fishing of overfished stocks; and fishing in the unregulated parts of the high seas (7). The agreement has the potential to protect vulnerable fisheries, but additional action is required to ensure its effectiveness.